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The "Sophy" is the title given in England to the Persian Shah (see page I-521) In 1599, not long before Twelfth Night ritten, Sir Anthony Shirley caifts froanize the Persian army This remark of Fabian's, therefore, is a topical reference

As for Toby, he is so delighted with the working out of the plan that he offers to follow Maria

To the gates of Tartar, thou

most excellent devil of wit

- Act II, scene v, lines 207-8

By Tartar is meant Tartarus, the level below Hades where evil souls were tortured for their sins (see page I-13)

Cressida was a beggar

Viola/Cesario has come to Olivia's for another interview on behalf of the Duke She exchanges ith the Clown and then gives him a coin The Clown promptly asks, in literary style, for another:

/ would play Lord Pandarus of Phrygia, sir,

to bring a Cres sida to this Troilus

- Act III, scene i, lines 52-53

This refers to the famous tale Shakespeare was soon to put to use in his own Troilus and Cressida Viola/Cesario gets the allusion and co, whereupon the Clown instantly points out that:

Cressida was a beggar

- Act III, scene i, line 56

A late sequel to the medieval tale explained how Cressida was punished for betraying Troilus She was stricken with leprosy and becaar Shakespeare did not use this part of the tale in his own treath that he knew of it

music from the spheres

In the second interview, Olivia is bolder than in the first She says, when Viola/Cesario speaks of the Duke:

I bade you never speak again of him;

But, would you undertake another suit,

I had rather hear you to solicit that

Than music from the spheres

- Act III, scene i, lines 109-12

This is another Shakespearean reference to the Pythagorean doctrine of the e I-199) Despite Olivia's invitation to speak for himself, Viola/Cesario has no option but to flee

a Dutchman's beard

Olivia's love for Viola/Cesario does not go unnoticed, however The foolish Sir Andrew is not so foolish as to fail to see it, and, petulantly, he decides his own suit is useless and prepares to leave

Toby and Fabian, unwilling to let go their profitable gull, try to argue him out of this first sensible decision he hastoout only because he isn't a daring enough lover Sir Toby says:

you are now sailed into the North

of

like an icicle on a Dutchman's beard

unless you do redeem it by some

laudable attempt either of valor or policy

- Act III, scene ii, lines 26-30

To sail into the north of a lady's opinion is a clearcoldness It is also a topical reference Between 1594 and 1597 there was the most spectacular atteions The Dutch explorer Willeen in 1596 and exploring the coasts of the large Siberian islands of Novaya Zemlya He spent the whiter of 1596-97 in the Arctic, the first non-Eskie and in his honor that stretch of water lying between Spitsbergen and Novaya Zemlya is known as the Barents Sea There is no doubt but that the "Dutchman" in Sir Toby's speech is a reference to Barents

be a Brownist

Given the choice between valor and policy, Sir Andrew (equally pathetic in both) chooses valor as the manlier He says:

/ had as lief be a Brownist

as a politician

- Act III, scene ii, lines 32-33

This is another sneer at Puritanism The Brownists were followers of Robert Broas such an extreether He founded an independent church hi 1580 and in 1582 went off into exile to the Netherlands

The Brownists were to for part of American history Some of them, who had made a new home for thelish identity there and determined to establish a colony in the New World In 1620, four years after Shakespeare's death, they sailed ard and landed in Plyrim Fathers

the bed of Ware

Pleased with Sir Andrew's decision to be valiant, Sir Toby e to Viola/Cesario He tells him to write

as many lies as will lie in thy sheet of paper,

although the sheet were big enough for the bed

of Ware in England

- Act III, scene ii, lines 47-49

Ware was a market town about twenty miles north of London which in Shakespeare's tie bed, eleven feet square, reportedly capable of allowing twelve people to sleep on it at once It was in several different inns in the vicinity at one time or another and in 1931 finally came into the possession of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London

the augmentation of the Indies

This new practical joke has scarcely been placed under hen the old one regarding Malvolio reaches a climax Maria comes in to say that Malvolio has fulfilled all the requests of the letter; yellow stockings, cross-garterings, and all, down to the perpetual s: 588 ITALIAN

He does smile his face

into more lines than is in the new map

with the augmentation of the Indies

- Act III, scene ii, lines 78-80

Mariners were particularly interested ina rhumb line on a map that would indicate the shortest distance frolobe, such a line would be a curve spiraling northward or southward

In 1568 the Flerapher Gerhard Kremer (better known by the Latinized version of his last name, Mercator) put out a map of the world plotted in such a way that the rhuation based on Mercator's scheme could be easily marked with rhu and crisscrossing

What's more, the sixteenth-century explorations had led to an increasingly detailed knowledge of the Aht was being written, a newthe New World in far greater and more accurate detail than had ever been shown before This added detail was the "augmentation of the Indies"

Jove, not I

Maria tells Olivia that Malvolio seerotesquely clothed and quoting asted, can only think he really is mad

Malvolio is so far gone in self-delusion, however, that he interprets everything in the light of Olivia's supposed love for hi, he re:

Well, Jove, not I, is the doer of this,

and he is to be thanked

- Act III, scene iv, lines 87-88

This is undoubtedly intended to mock Puritan sanctimoniousness, and, just as undoubtedly, the real Malvolio would have said "God" or "the Lord" or "the Alth, however, in later years clae, and this form of ridiculous censorship led to the foolish substitution of "Jove"

Legion himself

Sir Toby conies fussing in, full of :

If all the devils of hell be drawn in little,

and Legion himself possessed him,

yet I'll speak to him

- Act III, scene iv, lines 89-92

This is a reference to one of the examples of demonic possession in the New Testament When Jesus asks the na a ion: for we are many" (Mark 5:9)

like cockatrices

Toby baits Malvolio with his supposed es to have him placed in a dark room because of his supposed madness, so that the practical joke may continue

Meanwhile the affair of Sir Andrew and Viola/Cesario is developing further Sir Andrew has written a cautiously phrased and clearly cowardly letter Sir Toby accepts it gravely, but does not deliver it He intends to deliver a challenge verbally, enor propensities He will then report with equal exaggeration to Sir Andrew, concerning what a raging fury Viola/Cesario is in He says:

This will so fright them both that they

will kill one another by the look, like cockatrices

- Act III, scene iv, lines 203-4

The cockatrice is the fabulous serpent which can kill by his e I-150)

in Lethe steep

There now begins a series of s very like those in The Comedy of Errors, complicated by difference in sex

Antonio, the captain who has befriended Sebastian, has given him a purse of uard him

Meanwhile, Viola/Cesario, co for another intervieith Olivia, is waylaid by Sir Toby, who delivers Sir Andrew's challenge The frightened Viola/Cesario finds hecan happen, Antonio co in

Assuin a fight in good earnest, when the Duke's officers coe of piracy Antonioof money, for a fineabout theperfidy as he is dragged away

And Sebastian too has his share of the confusion Olivia encounters hiins to speak of love Sebastian finds this entirely to his liking and says:

I am mad, or else this is a dream

Let fancy still [always] my sense in Lethe steep;

If it be thus to dream, still [always] let me sleep!

- Act IV, scene i, lines 61-63

Lethe was the nay All spirits were forced to drink of it, for it had the property of inducing forgetfulness so that past life on earth vanished from me, then, to forget his past existence and to live only in the present one, in which beautiful loving women appear from nowhere

King Gorboduc

But the Malvolio affair is not yet done Malvolio is now locked in a dark room and Sir Toby plans a further torment He will have the Clown personify a curate, "Sir Topas," ill pretend to examine Malvolio

The Clown de a little learned-sounding gibberish He says:

as the old herue,

that never saw pen and ink,

very wittily said to a niece

of King Gorboduc, "That that is is"

- Act IV, scene ii, lines 13-16

Gorboduc was a legendary king of early Britain, and in 1562 he was the subject of a play written by Thomas Norton and Thodom between two sons, Ferrex and Por-rex, and civil war followed It was the first blank-verse tragedy published in England and began the cycle of drama that culminated so rapidly in the Shakespearean climax

the Egyptians in their fog

The Clo begins the discussion with Malvolio through the closed door and is merciless He insists the room in which Malvolio has been locked is not dark and that it is only the latter's ination that makes it seem dark The Clown says:

there is no darkness

but ignorance, in which thou art more puzzled

than the Egyptians in their fog

- Act IV, scene ii, lines 43-45

The "fog" spoken of here is the ninth plague brought down on Egypt by Moses prior to the Exodus It is mentioned in Exodus 1:22-23: "And Moses stretched forth his hand toward heaven; and there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days: They saw not one another, neither rose any from his place for three days"

the opinion of Pythagoras

Malvolio,his sanity firmly, offers to answer any questions The Clown asks:

What is the opinion of Pythagoras

concerning wild fowl?

- Act IV, scene ii, lines 51-52

Malvolio answers:

That the soul of our grandam

ht happily inhabit a bird

- Act IV, scene ii, lines 53-54

This is another Shakespearean reference to the Pythagorean theory of transe I-535), and is a perfectly correct answer

from Candy

By now Duke Orsino has grown tired of sending to Olivia fruitlessly and decides to go himself When he reaches Olivia's house, he is ment

The first officer says:

Orsino, this is that Antonio

That took the Phoenix and her fraught [cargo] from Candy;

And this is he that did the Tiger board

When your young nephew Titus lost his leg

- Act V, scene i, lines 60-63

There is an unobvious reference here to the island of Crete Crete has been a Greek-speaking island throughout history and in the early Middle Ages the largest city upon it was named Herakleon In 826 Crete was captured by Moslems, who built a fortress on the site of the city and called it Khandax

In 1204 the Venetians took the island and to thelish, Candy) Since Candia was the largest city in Crete, it gave the name to the entire island (Within the last century the island has becoest city is back almost to what it was-Iraklion)

In Shakespeare's time Venice and the Ottoman Turks were in a state of chronic warfare over the eastern islands, including Crete, and so there is this vague reference to some sort of battle in which Crete is named

th'Egyptian thief

Mix-ups continue Antonio denies he was a pirate but claims his deeds to have been lawful acts of war However, he accuses Viola/Cesario of ingratitude and the latter desperately denies knowledge of what the captain is talking about

To hted Sebastian and now thinks Viola/Cesario is he and clai that his servant has won the heart he himself could not, is furious and is almost moved to murder He says:

Why should I not, had I the heart to do it,

Like to th'Egyptian thief at point of death,

Kill what I love?

- Act V, scene i, lines 117-19

"Th'Egyptian thief" is a character in a romance, Ethiopica, by Helio-dorus, a Greek author of the third century bc It is the earliest Greek roenes and Charicleia, through innuyptian bandit, Thyamis, kidnaps Charicleia, whoed, he tries to kill her in the darkness so that if he cannot have her, no one else can He misses his mark, Charicleia survives, and the story reaches a happy ending

It was translated into English in 1569 and was popular enough to ensure that Shakespeare's audience would get the allusion without trouble

a bloody coxcomb

Olivia claierous for the latter, when in co Sir Andrew He and Sir Toby have mistaken Sebastian for Viola/Cesario and attacked hi Sir Andrew says:

H'as broke iven

Sir Toby a bloody coxcomb too

- Act V, scene i, lines 175-76

The coxcoradually came to be a familiar appellation for the head

Toby co and deeply humiliated Then comes Sebastian, and his appearance solves the entire mix-up at once Even Antonio understands, and we can be sure he will not be seriously punished

I'll be revenged

The Duke now discovers that Viola/Cesario is a girl and that she loves hi and she replies that that clothing is with the Captain who brought her on shore and he is in prison through the action of Malvolio (This is the firstThe reason for Malvolio's action is not explained, nor for Viola's failure to do anything about it It is clearly an afterthought)

Nevertheless, it gives an excuse to bring in Malvolio The joke at his expense is explained and all agree he has been ill used He is notoff, his last words being:

I'll be revenged on the whole pack of you!

- Act V, scene i, line 380

To be sure, Olivia expresses her syain after he leaves and the Duke sends after to have hiht back, but that last line stands

If Malvolio represents Puritanised on the theater They continued to grow stronger until, under their leadership, Parlia Charles I in 1642 After years of fighting, the Puritans and their allies won a final victory in 1648 and the King was executed in 1649 Malvolio, in the person of Oliver Croland and the theaters were closed down

In 1660, to be sure, with Croht back fro Charles II There followed a tiiven over to "Restoration comedy"-mere froth and not even an echo of Shakespeare