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As we have just said, each of these three great divisions of Paris was a town, but too special a town to be co without the other two Hence three entirely distinct aspects: churches abounded in the City; palaces, in the Town; and colleges, in the University Neglecting here the originalities, of secondary iarding the public highways, ill say, froroup, in this chaos of coed to the bishop, the right bank to the provost of the merchants, the left bank to the Rector; over all ruled the provost of Paris, a royal not a municipal official The City had Notre-Dame; the Town, the Louvre and the Hôtel de Ville; the University, the Sorbonne The Town had the markets (Halles); the city, the Hospital; the University, the Pré-aux-Clercs Offences committed by the scholars on the left bank were tried in the law courts on the island, and were punished on the right bank at Montfauçon; unless the rector, feeling the university to be strong and the king weak, intervened; for it was the students' privilege to be hanged on their own grounds

The greater part of these privileges, it , and there were sos by revolts and s froo when the people tear away There is an old charter which puts the es, quoe tamen aliquoties seditionibus interrypta, multa peperit privileyia~

In the fifteenth century, the Seine bathed five islands within the walls of Paris: Louviers island, where there were then trees, and where there is no longer anything but wood; l'ile aux Vaches, and l'ile Notre-Dame, both deserted, with the exception of one house, both fiefs of the bishop--in the seventeenth century, a single island was formed out of these thich was built upon and named l'ile Saint-Louis--, lastly the City, and at its point, the little islet of the cow tender, which was afterwards engulfed beneath the platfores: three on the right, the Pont Notre-Dae, of stone, the Pont aux Meuniers, of wood; two on the left, the Petit Pont, of stone, the Pont Saint-Michel, of wood; all loaded with houses

The University had six gates, built by Philip Augustus; there were, beginning with la Tournelle, the Porte Saint- Victor, the Porte Bordelle, the Porte Papale, the Porte Saint- Jacques, the Porte Saint-Michel, the Porte Saint-Ger with the Tour de Billy they were: the Porte Saint-Antoine, the Porte du Temple, the Porte Saint-Martin, the Porte Saint-Denis, the Porte Mont, and also handsoe, deep h water of winter, bathed the base of the wall round Paris; the Seine furnished the water At night, the gates were shut, the river was barred at both ends of the city with huge iron chains, and Paris slept tranquilly